Used machines for sale
 Refractometry benchtop refractometers
Main brands:
Leica, Reichert
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| Refractometry benchtop refractometers |
BENCHTOP REFRACTOMETRY
COMPLETE TECHNICAL GUIDE – EXPANDED VERSION
ADVANCED OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Snell’s Law and Refractive Index (nD)
The refractive index is a physical property characteristic of each substance when temperature and pressure are constant.
For solutions, the refractive index varies according to concentration.
The refractometer measures light deviation at the interface between:
Prism (higher refractive index)
Sample (lower refractive index)
This difference generates a critical angle that allows precise refractive index calculation.
Importance of Wavelength – Sodium D Line (589.3 nm)
The refractive index varies depending on the wavelength of light.
For international standardization, the sodium D line (589.3 nm) is used.
Digital models:
Use an LED with an interference filter to simulate this exact wavelength.
Abbe models:
Use Amici prisms for chromatic compensation.
MODERN OPTICAL PRINCIPLE
Total Internal Reflection
In digital models:
Light strikes the prism.
Part of the light is refracted and part undergoes total internal reflection above the critical angle.
A CCD or CMOS sensor detects the light/dark boundary.
An algorithm calculates the refractive index with high precision.
This system eliminates operator subjectivity.
METROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Measurement Range
Refractive index (nD): 1.30000 to 1.72000
Brix scale: 0 to 95%
Typical Accuracy:
Premium models: ±0.00002 nD
Industrial models: ±0.1% Brix
Resolution:
0.00001 nD
0.01% Brix
Repeatability:
±0.00001 nD
±0.02% Brix
Important:
Resolution does not mean accuracy. An instrument may display many decimal places and still lack precision.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL – CRITICAL FACTOR
Temperature is the main source of error in refractometry.
A variation of 1 degree Celsius may change the reading by 0.1% Brix.
Example:
20% Brix solution at 20°C
May indicate 19.8% Brix at 25°C
Types of Temperature Control
Basic ATC
Automatic temperature compensation
Stabilization time: 30 to 60 seconds
External circulating water bath
Water circulation around the prism
High thermal stability
Peltier technology
Electronic heating and cooling system
Stabilization in 10 to 30 seconds
Allows programmable temperature curves
Higher market value
PRISM MATERIALS
Optical glass
General use
Synthetic sapphire
High abrasion resistance
Ideal for fruit pulp and sugar
Quartz
Special UV applications
Sapphire prisms significantly increase resale value.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Use:
Measurement of solvents, polymers, resins and lubricating oils
Technical requirements:
Seals resistant to aggressive solvents (FFKM or Teflon)
Measurement in nD with five decimal places
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industry
Use:
Identification of essential oils
Purity control of glycerin and alcohol
Requirements:
GLP and GMP compliance
21 CFR Part 11 compatibility
Electronic records and audit trail
Food and Beverage Industry
Use:
Determination of total soluble solids
Sugar concentration control
Technical needs:
Wide Brix range (0 to 95%)
Easy cleaning
Sapphire prism for mechanical resistance
REFERENCE MANUFACTURERS
ATAGO
RX Series
Industrial robustness
ANTON PAAR
Abbemat Line
High precision for R&D and pharmaceutical labs
METTLER TOLEDO
Excellence Series
Integration with density meters and pH meters
BELLINGHAM + STANLEY
RFM Series
Highly resistant prisms
REICHERT
AR Series
Durable Abbe and digital models
FACTORS THAT INCREASE RESALE VALUE
Integrated Peltier control
Traceable calibration (NIST or equivalent)
Valid calibration certificate
Premium brand
Original licensed software
Prism in perfect condition
FACTORS THAT REDUCE VALUE
Scratched prism
No temperature control
Discontinued model
Missing accessories
STRATEGIC TECHNICAL KEYWORDS
Scale linearity
Traceable calibration
High resolution CCD sensor
Total internal reflection
Automatic temperature compensation
21 CFR Part 11 compliance
LIMS integration
Metrological repeatability
Electronic temperature control |
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Brand: Agilent HP, Anton Paar, Horiba, Hunter Lab, Leica, Merck, Mettler Toledo, Miele Professional, Millipore, Parker, Reichert, Thermo Fisher Scientific
Headspace Sampler
Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies
Model: G1888
Year: Not specified
Technical Description: Automated static headspace sampling system designed for volatile compound introduction into gas chromatographs. Features a 70-via... |
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